Vitamins, along with minerals, are substances found mostly in foods. In order to work properly, the body needs vitamins, and each vitamin plays a different role in the body. For example, Vitamin D, found in dairy products, help the bones, and Vitamin C helps the body to heal.
 
 
Recommended Resources
Meant for children, this site has good information about vitamins as well. It describes the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, which vitamins are beneficial for which bodily functions, and has a section for each vitamin.
http://kidshealth.org/kid/stay_healthy/food/vitamin.html
Consists of a simplified, rudimentary explanation of what vitamins are and why they are important, how they function under specific conditions, and the latest news about vitamins in general.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/vitamins.html
Contains a guide to vitamins as well as research done on various vitamins, the debate over whether liquid or pills are more effective, and a list of hundreds of published research papers on the topic, most of them in non-medical language which anyone can understand.
http://www.vitamins-nutrition.org/