Computer programming is a reference to the process of creating an executable computer application to accomplish a specific computing task.
Computer programming is accomplished through the use of programming languages, resulting in a set of instructions designed to render the desired output, whatever it may be.
A person who has a working knowledge of a programming language is known as a programmer. Using the programming language, the set of instructions that a programmer would develop for the computer is known as a program. Each program is designed according to a set of requirements that might be better met with one language rather than another.
A wide range of programming languages are available. Some programmers are fluent in just one of these languages, while others are more versatile.
Each programming language has its own characteristics, which are of significance to programmers. Most programmers prefer a language that will allow them to write simple, clear, and concise programs. Some languages are simple enough that people can learn them by themselves. The graphical user interface of the language should be user-friendly and intuitive. In most cases, it is best to use a platform-independent language, one that can develop programs that can be used on a variety of computer systems, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Additionally, a programming language will build programs that make efficient use of memory and other resources. The tools needed for development, testing, and debugging should be incorporated into a single environment known as an integrated development environment (IDE), which keeps everything neat and in its place.
Of course, most people aren't going to take the time to learn a programming language that isn't regularly updated. Given that the computer environment changes rapidly, programming languages should be regularly updated.
Many programming languages are built for a specific purpose, while others can be used to build programs for a wide range of purposes.
Computers only recognize instructions that are given in binary language, which is not something that the typical computer user would be able to accomplish. Instead, programmers use languages that they have learned to understand to write programs which are converted to a language that can be understood by the computer. This is normally accomplished through a compiler, which is a computer program that translates computer code is written in one programming language (source), which the programmer understands, into another programming language (target), which is understood by the computer.
The first type of programming languages were actually written in binary form, which could be read directly by computers. The problem with this was the length of time that it took someone to learn to do this, and then to do it.
The second-generation of programming was known as assembly language programming, which was somewhat easier to learn, but it still required the programmer to understand the underlying architecture of the machine it was going to be run on.
The first popular high-level programming language was FORTRAN. Developed by IBM, FORTRAN created programs that could be run on the world's fastest supercomputers at the time.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, several low-level programming languages were developed, including APL, ALGOL, Lisp, Simula, and C. Next came a string of object-oriented programming languages, such as C++. Perl was one of the first languages used for building dynamic websites.
The fourth-generation of programming languages supported database management, report generation, mathematical optimization, GUI development, and web development. These included Visual Foxpro, PowerBuilder, and Uniface.
Fifth-level programming languages also included Perl, as well as Python, Ruby, SQL, and MatLab. These languages included visual tools to help develop a program.
The longevity of any one language depended on how well it fulfilled a purpose. Some older languages are still in development, and in use, such as C and C++
Today, there are Serverless programming languages, which don't require any infrastructure to run the program. All of the code is designed to run on a serverless cloud platform.
Several programming languages are in existence. Some of the more popular ones include C, C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, Angular JS, PHP, and Ruby. Each programming language has its own structure and constructs. Program developers ensure that they learn the appropriate language constructs to develop whatever program they need and that they choose the language that can create the necessary program.
Topics related to programming and programming languages are the focus of this category. These may include programming languages, compilers, development tools, tutorials, and forums.
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Recommended Resources
This website challenges programmers to code for a minimum of one hour a day for 100 consecutive days, tweet their progress with the hashtag #100DaysOfCode, and reach out to at least two people on Twitter who are also doing the challenge each day. The rules and steps are defined here, including those that can be taken to increase the likeliness of success. A list of online resources is included, an online contact form is posted, and its main connection channels are defined.
https://www.100daysofcode.com/
Based on a 1994-1998 project by Tim Robinson, who had maintained a collection of the lyrics to the song programmed in 227 different programming language, it now includes one program in 1,500 variations. The history of the project is told here, the lyrics are presented in text form, and the programs written to display the song, including source, are published alphabetically, from A+ to ZZT. The languages may also be searched, and programs written in additional languages may be submitted.
http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
Written in pure C code, Agnix is an open-source project, the goal of which is to provide an educational, network operating system kernel that will be fully compatible with the Linux kernel in the system call layer, an important criteria because Agnix has to enable running programs compiled for Linux, which is the base of the Agnix kernel project. Its features, goals, development timeline, documentation, screenshots, and licensure are noted, and it may be downloaded, with the source.
http://agnix.sourceforge.net/
Algorithms for Competitive Programming
This online resource is a guide to algorithms and data structures common in the field of competitive programming, which is a mind sport in which participants try to program according to provided specifications, the aim being to write source code of computer programs that are able to solve given problems. The website is developed via GitHub, with generated pages compiled and published on this site. Anyone with a GitHub account is welcome to help out. Instructions are given.
https://cp-algorithms.com/
The site covers several aspects of Visual Basic and VB.NET programming, offering examples, downloads, and discussions on common programming topics, as well as advanced tips and techniques, API programming, and other programming languages. Visual Basic source codes are posted for various projects and freeware, VB scripts and ASP, VB games, and other applications. Other resources include informational articles, tutorials, and a discussion forum.
http://www.andreavb.com/
An online publication, Better Programming, is a platform for programmers to share their knowledge and expertise within the community. The website offers a wide range of articles on various computer programming topics and related information, such as software development, web development, data science, and others. Articles are written by experts in the field, and aimed at helping programmers improve their skills and stay current on the latest trends and technologies.
https://betterprogramming.pub/
Bitsbox is a subscription-based coding system for children designed to teach children how to code applications to be used on a virtual tablet. Each month, a box is sent to subscribers that contains a mix of coding projects, ranging from simple to more advanced, as well as a guide for adults who may be assisting their children. Children type the app into the Bitsbox website, changing it to make it their own. Completed apps can be run on any computer, tablet, or smartphone.
https://bitsbox.com/
Online since 1999, BrainJar features technical articles, tutorials, and examples used in programming for the web. Intended not as a cut-and-paste site, but as a learning resource, the site offers several code samples and scripting samples, for CSS, JavaScript, DHTML, ASP. .NET, and Java, most of which are designed for modern, standards-compliant browsers. Some articles are written in Spanish, French, Italian, and Hebrew, and translations are sometimes provided.
http://www.brainjar.com/
Designed by Leo Stéra, the Caramel programming language was first released in 2019. The language was built to combine the strengths of OCaml and the Erlang virtual machine (VM) for creating robust and scalable applications. It is a functional programming language designed to build type-safe, scalable, and maintainable applications. Downloads, the source code, and installation instructions are provided, along with full documentation, and a link to its developer community.
https://caramel.run/
Developed and hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), CLU was created by Barbara Liskov and her students at MIT between 1974 and 1975. Although it is not widely in use, it is considered to have been a step in the development of object-oriented programming. A history of its development, and an overview of its features, as well as Portable CLU (PCLU), are available for download, including its implementations, documentation, and related papers.
http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html
The online kids coding academy and tech camp teaches kids to create games, apps, and Minecraft mods using real programming languages and professional tools. Its online classes are self-paced and include live support from a team of engineers. Its leadership team, core values, and approach are outlined. Instruction available includes self-study online courses, private online coding classes, and online summer camps teaching coding and game design for kids six years of age to fifteen.
https://codakid.com/
An education innovation non-profit, the site is dedicated to the idea that every student in every school has the opportunity to learn computer science as part of their core K-12 education. The site expands access to computer science in schools, with a focus on increasing participation by young women and students from other underrepresented groups. The non-profit also organizes the annual Hour of Code campaign, which has engaged with more than 15% of students in the world.
https://code.org/
Code Abbey provides a collection of programming problems for beginners to practice solving, learn to program and code, and win certificates. A wide range of problems is also available for programmers at the beginner to advanced levels of programming skills, which may be solved in any programming language. The problems are designed to help users improve their coding skills through practice and learning. A free programming certificate is available for users who complete all of the problems.
https://www.codeabbey.com/
The online learning platform offers free and fee-based courses designed to help people learn coding skills. Students can begin coding in seconds, with courses in a variety of programming languages, such as JavaScript, Python, Ruby, SQL, and others, as well as courses in web development, data science, and cybersecurity. Other resources include team learning, personalized job listings, practice interviews, and career advice. A free trial of its Pro program is available.
https://www.codecademy.com/
Stylized CodeCombat, this is a community project with hundreds of players volunteering to create levels, contribute to the code to add features, fix bugs, playtest, and even translate the game into additional languages. Employees, contributors, and the site itself gain by sharing ideas and pooling efforts, as does the open-source community in general. CodeCombat is built on numerous open-source projects, and anyone can join the community. Its use in the classroom and at home is outlined.
https://codecombat.com/
Powered by XenForo, Code Forum is a community platform for computer programming enthusiasts, providing a venue for developers to connect with one another, engage in discussions, ask for help, and share their knowledge with a supportive community. While anyone can read the discussions, registration is required in order to participate. Topics include front- and back-end development, project development, and computer, server, hardware configurations, reviews, and other topics.
https://codeforum.org/
Featuring several categories covering a wide range of topics, including Visual C++ Programming, Java Programming, Graphics Programming, Multithreading, Network Programming, and Driver Development, Code Guro is a community forum for programming language developers and programmers to discuss programming topics. Registration is required for participation, although anyone can read the forum's content. The terms of service and advertising opportunities are posted.
https://forums.codeguru.com/
Code Project is an online community for computer programmers that includes articles on various topics and programming languages, such as web development, software development, C++, Java, Visual Studio, and others. Registered users can gain reputation by contributing articles and code to the site, which may unlock different privileges, such as the ability to store personal files, include live hyperlinks, and so on. Forums, questions and answers, and competitions are included.
https://www.codeproject.com/
CodeAvail is an online community of computer science experts from various colleges who provide online code assistance in various computer science languages, including online tutoring, project and academic help across computer science subjects, and online one-on-one and group help. A pool of 1,500 experts covers more than 100 topics, and 24/7 support is provided for inquiries. Project-based freelance work may also be available. An overview of its services and reviews are provided.
https://www.codeavail.com/
Based in India, CodeChef is a competitive programming site that provides a platform for students and young software professionals to practice and demonstrate their programming skills through online contests and is also active in reaching out to young students in Indian schools. Practice areas of the site include an online IDE and compiler, with practice areas for people of varying skill levels. Upcoming contests are featured, with details and online registration. An online forum is included.
https://www.codechef.com/
CodeCondo is a community for developers, designers, and business people, who are invited to contribute articles to the online publication, including how-to guides, lists, tutorials, and personal reports. Submission limitations, etiquette, and instructions for submitting a post are provided, and other guidelines are included. Advertising opportunities are available. Its content is sorted into content-specific categories, including video tutorials and several others.
https://codecondo.com/
This online learning platform offers interactive coding courses and coding exercises for upskilling an organization at scale. Custom learning paths and product-level customization according to the needs of the organization are also available. Codedamn assigns coding projects and provides GPT-4 AI-evaluation feedback on employee performance, along with interview preparation kits for front-end, back-end, or full-stack interviews. An annual fee is charged to the client organization.
https://codedamn.com/
CodeDocs is a website that provides tutorials, references, and documentation for various programming languages, scripts, and technologies. It covers a variety of languages, including AppleScript, C, C++, C#, CSS, COBOL, Elm, Emacs Lisp, Erlang, Fortran, Go, Groovy, Haskell, HTML5, HyperTalk, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Lua, Oak, OCaml, PEARL, PHP, Python, R, ReactJS, Ruby, Rust, Snap!, SQL, Swift, Vala, Xbase, Zig, and others, which are listed here. Supported languages are listed alphabetically.
https://codedocs.org/
Codefinity is an online platform for learning to code. Offering courses in Python, SQL, HTML/CSS, C++, R, JavaScript, Java, React, C, Golang, C#, and Dart, as well as coding foundations, data manipulation, data analytics, data visualization, data science, probability and statistics, computer science, web development, machine learning, and general programming. Individual pricing, team packages, and a catalog of available courses are featured. User reviews and testimonials are included.
https://codefinity.com/
Offering programming contests, Codeforces provides a platform for computer programmers to solve problems along with other users, testing the coding skills of coders around the world. Most of its contests are rated, and tutorials are provided for every problem asked. Advice on coming up with solutions, practicing, and asking for help re provided, along with current, upcoming, and past contests, ratings, coding courses, and a calendar of programming contests are included.
https://codeforces.com/
The online platform provides one-on-one coding assistance, long-term mentorship, freelance jobs, and code reviews. The platform connects developers with experts for on-demand 1:1 help via screen sharing, video, and text chat. According to the website, developers are subjected to a strict application and vetting process. The platform also offers technical and career talks for developers, where they can attend or give developer talks on various development topics.
https://www.codementor.io/
This is an online platform that teaches children real program languages, such as CoffeeScript and Python. Children and teenagers learn block-based and text-based coding through a game-like environment. Children from 5-14 years old can learn block coding, text coding, CoffeeScript, and Python, all while playing. Kids as young as 5 can start programming to solve scaffolded puzzles and build their own games. Parent and teacher resources and plans are featured, and a K-8 curriculum is available.
https://www.codemonkey.com/
Used by more than a million developers to challenge themselves to code and interview better, Coderbyte is a web application that provides coding challenges and web development courses to help practice programming and improve coding skills. It is also a code assessment platform for screening, interviews, and take-home projects. Users can access a collection of code challenges and web development courses, and organizations can use it to assess candidates and administrators.
https://coderbyte.com/
Codewars is a platform for developers to improve coding skills by solving programming challenges called "kata." It is a collective effort by its users and creators who are authoring kata to teach various techniques, solve kata with solutions that enlighten others, and comment with constructive feedback. Users can set up one of the available training routines, run test cases against their solution, solve kata using "Test Driven Development" approach, and take part in a discourse on every kata.
https://www.codewars.com/
The online computer programming school offers live coding classes for children and teens, aged eight to eighteen, with the goal of preparing students for success in the digital world by teaching them how to code. They claim a student success rate of 93%. Its programs are arranged by grade level, as in elementary school, middle school, high school, and summer school. Charter school packages, PTA partnerships, and community education packages are also available.
https://www.codewizardshq.com/
This is a guide to various boot camps and schools offering courses in software engineering, data science, and cybersecurity. The website offers links to a variety of programs that vary in length of duration, self-paced or instructor-led formats, subjects of focus, topics covered, and whether certifications are included. Visitors to the site can browse a variety of online boot camps, comparing them according to the features offered, or by city for in-person schools.
https://codingbootcamps.io/
Affiliated with Colorado Technical University, the computer programming bootcamp uses a three-stack approach to programming that provides graduates with a complete skill set, as well as the ability to easily learn new tech and programming languages they will need to learn throughout their careers. Offering online full-time and part-time accelerated programs, its admissions policies, financing, and scholarship options are discussed, along with its curriculum and a selection of free resources.
https://www.codingdojo.com/
The Coding Forums is an online discussion forum designed for the discussion of programming languages and related topics. Using a Xenforo platform, registration is required in order to participate in discussions, although anyone may view the threads and posts. Specified topics include some of the more popular programming languages and scripts, discussions of program language and other development issues, and some more general discussion areas, including an introduction.
https://www.thecodingforums.com/
This is an online platform for programmers that offers a variety of coding puzzles and games to help them improve their coding skills. Supporting twenty-five programming languages, at this time, the platform encourages developers to compete in multiplayer programming contests involving timed AI or code-golf challenges. The platform also serves as a recruitment platform, in that developers may get noticed by companies based on their performance. Client companies sponsor the site.
https://www.codingame.com/
Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web application development computing platform developed in 1995. The programming language associated with the platform is commonly called ColdFusion as well, but it is more accurately known as ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML). It is a scripting language used for web development that runs on the Java virtual machine, the .NET framework, and Google App Engine. Several commercial and open-source implementations are available.
https://www.adobe.com/products/coldfusion-family.html
Featuring a collection of articles and a database of connectivity content, Online since 1998, Connection Strings is a resource to developers, helping them to connect software to data, offering a reference to connection strings. Other resources include questions and answers, trade magazine subscriptions, and several technical documents that are available for download. Questions may be submitted by anyone who has registered a free user account with the site.
https://www.connectionstrings.com/
CHR is a declarative, rule-based programming language introduced in 1991 by Thom Frühwirth, who was then with the European Computer-Industry Research Centre in Munich, Germany. Originally intended for constraint programming, CHR finds applications in grammar induction, type systems, adductive reasoning, multi-agent systems, natural language processing, compilation, scheduling, spatial-temporal reasoning, testing, and verification. While Turing complete, it is generally used with Prolog.
https://sp2.informatik.uni-ulm.de/fruehwirth/constraint-handling-rules-book.html
The online community for tech enthusiasts is named for its founder, Dani Wolkowicki, who created it in 2002. Originally a hobby, DaniWeb has evolved into a vibrant community with more than a million members, including developers, IT professionals, digital marketers, and technophiles. The site includes a Q&A section, discussion forums, tutorials, editorial content, and real-time chats with other members via one-on-one or group chat using a patented matching algorithm.
https://www.daniweb.com/
Released under the Simplified BSD License, Dao is a lightweight, optionally-typed programming language that supports concurrent programming and provides programming interfaces for easy embedding and extending, and object-oriented programming. Designed and implemented as a register-based virtual machine, it uses an LLVM-based, JIT compiler as an optional module. Code examples, a browser-based demonstration playground, and user documentation are included.
http://www.daoscript.org/
Based in upstate New York, and in business since 1994, Dart Communications designs and develops Internet communications components, including PowerTCP and PowerSNMP for ActiveX and .NET, as well as PowerWEB for ASP.NET. Free trials of its products may be downloaded from the site, and licensing options are stated. Product customization, and custom application development services are provided, and discussed here, along with its support services.
https://www.dart.com/
DEV is a community of software developers, providing a platform for them to get together and help one another out. DEV is built on Forem, open-source software designed to empower communities. DEV is a networking platform, a social network, and a platform where members can write informational articles, participate in discussions, and build professional profiles. Topics include web development, programming, productivity, and open-source projects. Accounts are free.
https://dev.to/
A collaboration between Life is Tech and Disney, the program centers around a proprietary self-propelled learning cycle that helps each student nurture and maximize their potential through coding. The program blends education and entertainment in order to keep people interested. The interactive coding experience includes 125 web-based lessons covering HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and Processing via Media Art, as well as game development, web design, and a roleplaying game featuring Disney stories.
https://codeillusion.io/
The online community forum for programmers and developers offers free access to thousands of code snippets, tutorials, blogs, and forums on several topics related to programming. Membership is free, and there are several levels of membership-based various contributions made to the community, such as submitting tutorials and code snippets, helping to moderate the forum, length of membership, and so on. Members network, ask and answer questions, and share their knowledge.
https://www.dreamincode.net/
DSM (Domain Specific Modeling)
The DSM Forum is an independent body made up of leading DSM tool and solution providers, along with expert DSM users, and this site serves as a central point for information on DSM, with links to related information found elsewhere. Domain-specific modeling, a software engineering methodology for designing and developing systems, such as computer software, is defined, and its attributes are discussed. A brief tutorial, publications, support tools, and a schedule of workshops are included.
http://www.dsmforum.org/
Featuring free, original DHTML and JavaScripts for websites, the scripts are sorted into several categories, including calendars, date and time, document effects, dynamic content, form effects, games, image effects, links and tooltips, menus and navigation, mouse and cursor, scrollers, text animations, user/system preference, window and frames, XML and RSS, and others. Other resources include CSS codes, an image optimizer, favicon generator, animated gifs, and a button maker.
http://www.dynamicdrive.com/
Developed and hosted by the Georgia Institute of Technology, EarSketch is a free programming environment designed to teach coding in Python and JavaScript through music composition. Web-based, users can access the environment within their browsers. No prior experience or expertise is required and, because it is web-based, there is nothing to download or install. Instructional videos are put forth, and competitions are held, and its responsive tabletop application, TuneTable, is introduced.
https://earsketch.gatech.edu/
Just as the fastest way to learn a spoken language is to have conversations with native speakers, the best way to learn how to code is by actually coding. Edabit offers a large supply of bite-sized exercises, including game mechanics, to help people learn to code, and to help programmers improve their skills. Once the basics are learned, Eda bridges the gap between resources for total beginners and advanced coders. Included are C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, and Swift.
https://edabit.com/
Effekt is a functional programming language centered around algebraic effect handlers. The language provides a mechanism called effect handlers, which allow programmers to define advanced control-flow structures, similar to how exceptions work, but with more flexibility. The language also includes a type-and-effect system that properly handles all effects. An introduction to the language, an online playground, documentation, and access to related research papers are provided.
https://effekt-lang.org/
Using a Wiki platform, Esolangs is dedicated to esoteric programming languages, which are those designed to be unique, challenging to program in, or just plain weird. Viewers can explore the complete list of esoteric languages or browse through the categories of specific types of esoteric languages, which are grouped by themes or features. Included is a list of joke languages, those that are so bizarre that programming in them is highly difficult. A sandbox is included.
https://esolangs.org/
The free online platform helps users develop fluency in several programming languages through a mixture of learning, practice, and mentoring. Exercism is independent, community-funded, and not-for-profit, offering more than five thousand coding exercises covering a wide range of topics, from beginner to advanced-level programming. It provides a CLI-first tool that allows users to download and submit exercises from their terminals, as well as an in-browser editor supporting each language.
https://exercism.org/
FALSE Programming Language, The
Created by Wouter van Oortmerssen in 1993, FALSE is an early Forth-like esoteric programming language. Its primary goal was to create a powerful and obfuscated language with an incredibly small compiler, a mere 1024 bytes, written in 68000 assemblers. Its features include stack usage, lambda functions, arithmetic operations, flow control, comments, and input/output capabilities. FALSE inspired Brainfuck, Y, and Bloop. The codes for example programs are included.
https://strlen.com/false-language/
The Faust (Functional AUdio STream) is a domain-specific, purely functional programming language used to implement signal processing algorithms in the form of libraries, audio plugins, or standalone applications. Its programming model combines a functional programming approach with a block diagram syntax. The original authors were Yann Orlarey, Dominique Fober, and Stéphane Letz. The initial release was in 2002. Faust is licensed under a GPL license.
https://faust.grame.fr/
With origins in the late 1990s, development of the scripting language began in 2000. It consists of a scripting language and engine, designed to be easily extended, and used within other applications. Although its syntax is similar to some other languages, it is a clean language. Hosted on SourceForge, its program files may be downloaded, along with its source, an introduction, a full manual in HTML or PDF formats, developer guide, API, and script examples.
http://ferite.sourceforge.net/
This is the GitHub repository for the Fika programming language. Fika is a modern programming language for the web. It is statically typed, functional, and runs on the BEAM (Erlang) virtual machine (VM). Fika aims to be accessible to beginners, with a gentle learning curve. The language, its source code, documentation, and other resources are available from the repository through the Apache-2.0 license. The profiles of contributors to the repository may be viewed, and issues may be viewed.
https://github.com/fika-lang/fika
Also known as FASM, a flat assembler is an assembler for x86 processors. Released as free and open-source software, it claims high speed, size optimizations, operating system portability, and macro abilities. The site is focused on assembly language programming and includes resources for beginners and advanced assembly programmers. Online since 1999, the site is still maintained and updated regularly, with downloads, documentation, examples, and a message board.
http://flatassembler.net/
Founded in 2008, the corporate training company offers comprehensive technology-focused training to a diverse clientele, with an emphasis on creativity, problem-solving, and adaptability positions. Florence offers assorted IT training courses, including Java and Python certification courses, Apache Spark and Scala certification training, Selenium certification, and certification courses in DevOps, AWS Solutions Architect, PMP, and Microsoft Power BI, as well as several Master courses.
https://florencefennel.co.in/
Free Code Camp is a non-profit, donor-supported organization that provides free coding instruction to people throughout the world. The program offers a self-paced, full-stack web development and machine-learning curriculum free of charge. Designed to help people transition into tech positions, the program offers free verified and professional certifications for those who successfully complete the curriculum. Its core curriculum and a discussion forum are featured.
https://www.freecodecamp.org/
The Free Country offers free resources for programmers and webmasters, including language compilers, libraries, emulators, virtual machines, tools, utilities, source codes, and other programming applications, along with free webmaster resources, such as free and cheap web hosting, PHP scripts, script hosting, tutorials, and informational articles. Security resources and other applications, operating systems, emulators, and others are also highlighted.
https://www.thefreecountry.com/
Available as open-source, the commercial-grade C++ 3D engine supports hardware-accelerated, real-time rendering, off-line rendering like ray tracing, and general-purpose computation on GPUs. A description of the engine is put forth, along with its features. The full engine, with source code, may be downloaded, and sample programs, build and installation documentation, developer tools, and an overview of the Library and API overview are included.
https://casual-effects.com/g3d/www/
Geospatial Data Abstraction Library
Created in 2000, and an OSGeo Project, GDAL is a translator library for raster geospatial data format released under an X/MIT-style open-source license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. As a library, it presents a single abstract data model to the calling application for all supported formats. User- and developer-oriented documentation, as well as information about GDAL in other languages, are available. Current and past releases, the development source, and binaries may be downloaded.
https://gdal.org/
Not to be confused with Google’s Go (Golang) language, the agent-based programming language was introduced in 2003 and released under a General Public License v2 in 2007. Described as a multi-paradigm language, in the tradition of Prolog, its compiler and run-time files for the language may be downloaded or cloned from the GitHub site, which hosts them. Visitors to the site may post issues, and registered users may watch or star the repository.
https://github.com/fgmccabe/go/
Nitra is a language workbench developed by JetBrains, but licensed as an open-source project in 2014. Written in Nemerle, it requires Nemerle in order to compile. Nitra is designed to create and extend both general-purpose programming languages and domain-specific languages, its primary goal being to simplify the process of language development and tooling support. Nitra is an environment designed to facilitate the creation, modification, and analysis of program languages.
https://github.com/rsdn/nitra
Introduced in 1994, RAPID is a high-level programming language that is used to control ABB industrial robots. Prior to the development of RAPID, the ARLA programming language was used for that purpose. The repository on GitHub hosts a prototype compiler for RAPID, outputting a collection of finite automata in ANML format, available through the BSD 3-Clause License. Packages included in the repository may be cloned or downloaded from the site.
https://github.com/kevinaangstadt/rapid
GitHub: The Hook Programming Language
The Hook programming language is a simple, cross-platform, dynamically typed scripting language that utilizes a mutable value semantics approach. The language was developed by Fabio Souza, a Brazilian software engineer and open-source enthusiast. Developed from scratch using C, the language employs clear and simple techniques such as recursive descent parsing, stack-based virtual machine, and reference counting. This is the language's GitHub repository for files and development information.
https://github.com/fabiosvm/hook-lang
Initially released in 1992, GNATS is the GNU Project’s issue-tracking software, including a set of tools for tracking bugs reported by users to a central site, allowing for problem report management with users through a number of means. Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, it may be freely downloaded, along with Gnatsweb, a web-based interface, and documentation. Development reports, bug-reporting, and other GNATS resources are discussed.
https://www.gnu.org/software/gnats/
GNUSim8085 is a graphical simulator, assembler, and debugger for the Intel 8085 microprocessor in Linus and Windows. Originally written by Sridhar Ratnakumar in 2003, users are encouraged to contribute to the simulator through coding, documenting, testing, translating, and porting the simulator. Its features are set forth, along with screenshots, acknowledgments of authors and contributors, and downloads, although it is included in most Linux distributions.
https://gnusim8085.github.io/
Named for the creator, Matt Godbolt, Compiler Explorer is an online interactive compiler exploration tool. Users can enter code in one of several supported programming languages, select a compiler, and view the resulting assembly. Alternatively, the tool can also execute the code and show the result, which can be useful for learning, debugging, or optimizing code. Information on becoming a sponsor, patron, or contributor is available, and instructions for using the tool are included.
https://godbolt.org/
Originally known as Google Code, Google Developers is the company’s site for software development tools, application programming interfaces, and technical resources, including documentation on using its tools and APIs, discussion groups, blogs, and announcements and schedules of upcoming developer events. Several products for developers may be accessed through the site, including those for Android, Chrome, Firebase, and the Google Cloud Platform.
https://developers.google.com/
Inspired by Casey Muratori's Handmade Hero, the site is built by a community of programmers who dig deep into their systems and learn how to do things from scratch. Since it first came online, the community has grown, launched several careers, and spawned projects that are used by thousands of people every day. Its manifesto, roles, projects, communication guidelines, contacts, and open positions are posted, along with upcoming events, educational programs, and an online discussion forum.
https://handmade.network/
Hot Scripts is a directory of more than 40,000 web development and programming resources, including dynamic development tools, programming scripts for several programming languages, including Ajax, ASP, ASP.NET, C, C++, CFML, CGI, Perl, Flash, HTML 5, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, and XML, which may be found by program or scripting language, by top-rated scripts, new scripts, or most popular scripts. New listings may be submitted.
https://www.hotscripts.com/
Supported by hundreds of partners and thousands of educators and volunteers, the Hour of Code is designed to introduce computer science to students in more than a hundred and eighty countries, offering free one-hour tutorials in more than forty-five languages, which can be used to teach coding to students at all skill levels, including pre-readers, grades 2-5, grades 6-8, and grades 9+. Coding activities, and information about coding opportunities using AI and non-AI components, are included.
https://hourofcode.com/
Intended for small business owners, beginner web designers, and hobbyist website owners, the site helps to teach good web design practices and coding by implementing the W3C recommendations. The site includes basic HTML code articles and tips, web design tutorials and video, web design resources and tools, and tips on search engine optimization. Links to affiliated web design ebooks, computer basics, a website checklist, and web page mistakes are included.
http://www.htmlbasictutor.ca/
Online since 2000, the site serves as a guide to HTML and related technologies, including a basic tutorial for those who a new to HTML codings, such as its origins, history, a glossary of terms, browser and software reviews, and Internet file formats. Lessons include the use of text, as well as the addition of images, tables, frames, forms, and stylesheets. Advanced lessons include accessibility, promotion, optimization, site management, JavaScript, and CGI scripting.
https://www.yourhtmlsource.com/
IonicWind specializes in software and utilities for programmers. Currently, its products include IWBasic, Creative BASIC, and Aurora. IWBasic is a 32-bit BASIC compiler that features an IDE with syntax similar to BASIC. Also known as Cbasic, Creative BASIC is an interpretive BASIC language suitable for those who are new to programming, such as students or hobbyists. Aurora is a 32-bit compiler with an IDE, advanced compiler, assembler, and linker. A user forum is included.
http://www.ionicwind.com/
Created and offered for sale by the iRobot Corporation, a Delaware technology company, Root is designed to be an easy-to-use educational robot that teaches coding to children from pre-readers through high school. At level one, Root uses graphical blocks to teach the essential logic school of coding. At level two, there is a hybrid drag-and-drop language for building computational skills and, at level three, students learn the structure and syntax of professional coding languages.
https://root.irobot.com/
The Jakt programming language began as an offshoot project from SerenityOS, a Unix-like operating system. Jakt was created to address concerns about memory safety and the future of the SerenityOS project. The Jakt programming language is a memory-safe programming language that transpiles to C++. This is the official GitHub repository for the language and includes the repositories for programs associated with the language, such as the Jakt source code, a Jakt playground, and a Jakt compiler.
https://github.com/topics/jakt
Despite its name, Java T Point is more than Java. It offers online training in Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C, C++, C#, SQL, HTML, HTML 5, and Selenium, as well as machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, cloud computing, embedded systems, data analytics, software testing, Linux, and other technologies. Comprehensive tutorials, including video and code samples, are included for each, while links to other resources are also featured.
https://www.javatpoint.com/
Intended for courses and assignments, auto evaluation and scoring, and online tests for programmer interviews and recruitment, JDoodle features an online compiler and editor for sixty-eight different programming languages and two databases (MySQL and MondoDB), which may be embedded in a blog or website. The supported languages include C, C++, C#, CLISP, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Go, Java, Objective-C, PHP, Picolisp, Ruby, Rust, Smalltalk, and others.
https://www.jdoodle.com/
Designed for creating concise, high-performance, cross-platform applications, particularly games, Kit compiles to ANSI C99, is portable, and can be used as an alternative to C. An overview of the language is presented, comparisons are made with C/C++, and its features and strengths are featured. Available from GitHub on a GNU Lesser General Public License, a download link is provided, along with code examples, and an online playground that is functional in a web browser.
https://www.kitlang.org/
Kodable is a computer programming curriculum for kids from preschool to the fifth grade. Using games and other activities, the program teaches coding concepts and helps to improve computational thinking skills. The curriculum aligns with the K-5 computer science framework and includes more than two hundred coding lessons. Students begin at the beginner level and work their way up to advanced levels, where they learn coding syntax to write commands in simplified versions of JavaScript or Swift.
https://www.kodable.com/
Founded in 2015, LeetCode is a platform that allows users to share and collaborate on code challenges. Used by beginners and professionals to prepare for careers in technology, the platform provides coding and algorithmic problems designed to challenge users to practice coding and prepare for technical interviews. Companies sometimes rely on LeetCode or similar platforms to test the coding skills of applicants. In a sense, it is a crowdsources cheat sheet for solving coding problems.
https://leetcode.com/
Developed in 2002 as a successor to Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP) technology, ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime, allowing programmers to write code using any supported .NET language. Supported on macOS, Windows, and Linux, ASP.NE may be freely downloaded from the site and used to build web applications, REST APIs, and independently deployable microservices that run on Docker containers. Tutorials are included.
https://dotnet.microsoft.com/apps/aspnet
Min is a functional, concatenative (point-free) programming language with a minimalist syntax, a small, practical library, and an advanced REPL. Written in Nim, it can be easily embedded in other Nim programs. Including a lightweight module system, it is self-contained and statically compiled into a single file. Available for Linux, macOS, and Windows, it may be freely downloaded from the site, and in a file of about 1 MB. A brief tutorial, references, and a contribution page are included.
https://min-lang.org/
Developed before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. The networking protocol is used for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. The NTP Project conducts research and development in NPT and produces the official implementation of NTP, along with documentation, background information, briefings, and a bibliography, which are available to the public.
http://www.ntp.org/
The Odin Project is a free open-source coding curriculum that can be completed entirely online. Founded in 2013, the Odin Project features a full-stack curriculum that is free and supported by the open-source community. Designed to help aspiring web developers learn together while building dozens of portfolio-worthy projects along the way, from simple scripts to full programs and deployed websites, the Project provides job assistance after graduation. Its full curriculum may be viewed.
https://www.theodinproject.com/
The site features design patterns which, in the context of software design, became popular when they were collected in the Gang of Four book in 1994. Originally published with C++ and smalltalk code samples, design patterns are popular in Java and C#, and can be applied in all object-oriented (OO) languages. Featured here are design patterns, creational patterns, behavioral patterns, and structural patterns. Design pattern books are also recommended.
https://www.oodesign.com/
Originally known as the Portland Group, PGI was a company that produced a set of commercially available Fortran, C, and C++ compilers for high-performance systems. Acquired by NVIDIA Corporation in 2013, PGI still stands as a brand of software development tools produced by NVIDIA, offering new releases to PGI Fortran, C, and C++ compilers, as well as the PGI CUDA Fortran compiler. Its products, updates, downloads, and support services are highlighted.
https://www.pgroup.com/
Plaid Programming Language, The
Plaid is a radical and innovative programming language designed for concurrent, component-based computing. Its characteristics include typestate-oriented programming, concurrency by default, a clean object model, a linear type system, and gradual typing. Although the Plaid development project at Carnegie Mellon University is currently inactive, its website describes the language's features and cites publications and talks referencing the programming language.
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~aldrich/plaid/
Focused on teaching Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) programming online, the PLC Academy offers free resources and training designed to allow users to teach themselves PLC programming, including ladder logic, function block diagrams, structured text programming, and SCADA systems. Also included is a curated list of online PLC training courses offered by PLC programming experts around the world, as well as several informational articles and tutorials. Additional topics may be requested.
https://www.plcacademy.com/
The publishing imprint is owned by The Pragmatic Programmers, founded by Andy Hunt and Dave Thomas. The publishing company creates and offers timely, practical books, audiobooks, and videos on classic and cutting-edge topics relevant to professional software developers. Its digital content does not contain any Digital Restrictions Management and is DRM-free. Its books and authors are spotlighted, along with information about publishing with the Pragmatic Bookshelf. Online shopping is available.
https://pragprog.com/
Princeton Competitive Programming
Competitive programming is an intellectual sport where participants tackle complex algorithmic problems within a limited time frame. It includes problem-solving, online or on-site contests, and algorithmic techniques, such as data structures, sorting algorithms, dynamic programming, greedy algorithms, and graph algorithms, with speed as a major issue. The PCP organizes weekly events to improve coding, algorithmic, and problem-solving skills, with resources available.
https://competitive-programming.cs.princeton.edu/
Carrying a GNU Free Documentation License, this web-based encyclopedia of programming languages is wiki-based, and part of an ongoing project to document every programming language. Anyone with something to contribute is invited to sign up and contribute articles based on languages not currently listed, or adding to already existing articles. Registrations are manually approved, however. Languages are listed alphabetically, but may also be found through a search.
http://progopedia.com/
Distributing content through its website, YouTube channel, and mobile applications, the digital platform helps users to learn programming, including C, C#, C++, Go, HTML, Java, JavaScript, Kotlin, Python, R, Rust, SQL, Swift, and others. The program's applications include short, concise, and easy-to-understand notes, as well as examples and an in-built compiler. Programiz can be used to learn to program, as well as to practice skills or get certified. Free and pro versions are available.
https://www.programiz.com/
Powered by a phpBB Group forum script, this is an online discussion forum focused on computer programming. Although the forum has not been very active lately, with topic areas for a variety of programming languages, including Clarion, Pascal, Python, VC, VBScript, VBA, VC ATL, VB/WinAPI/Networks, Scheme, Visual Basic (VB), VB Database, RealBasic, and PowerBasic. Anyone can read content published on the forum, although only registered members can contribute to forum discussions.
http://computer-programming-forum.com/
This is an online platform offering a curriculum for learning to code. Designed to make programming easy and stress-free, it includes a coding workspace where learners can write, execute, debug, and save code to solve custom problem sets. Access to the platform is available for an annual fee, and Programming Expert promises to provide everything needed to learn programming and a certificate of completion. Sample lessons are provided, along with an informational video.
https://www.programmingexpert.io/
Offering free and fee-based courses in a variety of programming and scripting languages, including C, C#, C++, CSS, Elm, Go, HTML, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Kotlin, Lisp, Lua, MATLAB, PERL, PHP, Python, R, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Swift, and others, as well as software testing, full-stack development, hacking, analytics, game development, web development, mobile application development, and digital marketing. New courses are highlighted, although all available courses may be viewed.
https://programminghub.io/
PLDB is a comprehensive database of programming languages and their features. Although the focus is on programming languages, the database also includes other languages and entities, one degree away from high-level plain text formats to binary specifications and beyond. All of the data and source code used to generate this site are available on GitHub, and PLDB content is published in the public domain. Citation options are noted, and others are welcome to become involved.
https://pldb.pub/
Online since 2010, the online discussion forum for programmers and developers uses a XenForo script. Topics include general talk, as well as progress information and documentation links, resources, development, SQL-92, APIs, and WebSpeed, as well as database administration, DataServers and ODBC, QAD’s MFG/Pro, Symix Syteline, Roundtable TSMS, and external resource feeds. Members may also post available permanent or contract positions.
https://www.progresstalk.com/
Hosted by SourceForge, the programmer’s data-file editor is similar to the mainframe editor, File-Aid or Net-Cobols Cobol-Editor, although it is written in Java and should run on most computer platforms. It may be downloaded from the site in generic form, without a database, or in pre-packages form, with a database (HSQLDB). The source is also available. A program summary is posted, and its features are highlighted. Online documentation is available.
http://record-editor.sourceforge.net/
Rosetta Code is an instructional and educational site for programmers and those who would like to be programmers, presenting solutions to the same task in as many different programming languages as possible, the purpose being to demonstrate how languages are both similar and different, and to assist someone with expertise in one approach to a problem with alternative approaches to the same problem. Readers are encouraged to solve each task using any language.
http://rosettacode.org/
SciChart is a great way for developers to work on their WPF charts project just by using their smartphone or tablet. With SciChart Android and SciChart iOS, you’ll be able to develop great charts just as you would do from your PC or laptop, so don’t wait any longer and try SciChart as your software tool for developing fast WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) charts via Android & iOS.
https://www.scichart.com
Produced and developed by Simkin Solutions, Simkin is a scripting language that works with Java or C++ and XML. The language was designed to be easy for non-programmers to learn and use, and easy for developers to supply a simple API for non-programmers to write to. The multi-platform language has been used within applications on Symbian, Windows CE, Windows, Mac OS, and Unit platforms. The open-source product may be freely downloaded, with documentation.
http://www.simkin.co.uk/simkin_language.html
Offering resources, guidance, and inspiration for programmers and software developers, Simple Programmer addresses coding skills, technical skills, career skills, a blogging course, product creation, personal branding, well-being, books, interview skills, career information, and other guides and resources. The website offers free resources like informational blog posts, courses, and guides but also sells premium products, including books and programming courses.
https://simpleprogrammer.com/
Originally known as Visual SlickEdit, SlickEdit is a cross-platform, commercial source code editor, text editor, and integrated development environment. Available products include SlickEdit and SlickEdit Core for Eclipse, as well as a partner program for colleges and universities. System requirements, platform options, features, and product documentation are put forth, along with license options, promotional offers, and a download trial. An online store is included.
https://www.slickedit.com/
Developed for coders, Software offers Music Time, which uses data and artificial intelligence to discover and play the most productive music to listen to as you code, accomplished by measuring your productivity score, a calculation that combines your coding metrics with your listening history each week, as well as data from thousands of other developers. Also featured is Code Time, an open-source plugin for automatic programming metrics, including time tracking, supported by several editors.
https://www.software.com/
Sololearn is an online platform that offers free a two-levels of fee-based coding courses and programs for beginners and intermediate learners. Currently offering twenty-five courses covering some of the most popular programming languages, including C++, HTML, CSS, Python, and Java, which are available on mobile applications and online via iOS, Android, and laptop devices, featuring bite-sized lessons, quizzes, and real-life challenges to learn and practice coding skills.
https://www.sololearn.com/
The web-based source code repository for free and open-source projects was founded in 1999, as the first centralized location for free and open-source developers to control and manage software development, and offering the service without charge. Currently, it provides a source code repository, bug tracking, mirroring of downloads for load balancing, a documentation wiki, developer and user mailing lists, user-support forums, user-written reviews and ratings, and a microblog for project updates.
https://sourceforge.net/
Sourcegraph uses an AI coding assistant named Cody to help developers search, write, and understand code by using insights from its entire codebase, suggesting code changes, explaining code, and automating workflows with context-aware chat and commands. Three subscription levels are available, including a Free option for hobbyists, a Pro version for professional developers and small teams, and an Enterprise level for large teams and enterprises. Public code can also be searched.
https://sourcegraph.com/
Similar to a typing or keyboard tutor, SpeedCoder is an online platform that provides typing practice for programmers. It differs from generic typing tutors in that it offers typing lessons and games that focus on special characters and keywords used often in programming languages, such as C, C++, Java, Python, JavaScrip, PHP, and others. The platform also allows users to practice typing source codes of some common languages with a finger-guiding system. Custom code can be uploaded.
https://www.speedcoder.net/
Suitcase Coder is a blog and resource platform created by a developer who shares her journey from joining a coding boot camp to becoming a remote developer. The site offers a variety of resources for learning to code, including coding challenges, project management tools, and tutorials. Included are links to a coding podcast, the ability to sign up for a newsletter, or a personalized, self-paced learn-to-code platform, which is the site's essential topic.
https://www.suitcasecoder.com/
Created as a simple, lightweight, but powerful alternative to larger, complex, expensive, closed languages like Visual Basic, Access, and SQL Server, Suneido is a complete, integrated application platform that incorporates its object-oriented programming language, client-server rational database software, and application frameworks and components, as well as the integrated development environment (IDE), and provides it free and open-source.
https://suneido.com/
Technical Resources from Oracle
Oracle is a California-based technology company that maintains its own brands of database management systems. Its resources page includes database downloads, Java downloads, and downloads of SQL Developer, Oracle Instant Client, and Oracle WebLogic Server, as well as documentation, tutorials, and technical articles, community support forums, and a training program, for which a course catalog, learning paths, and certification options are featured.
https://www.oracle.com/technical-resources/
The Tiobe programming index is a measure of the popularity of a programming language. Created and maintained by Tiobe Software, the index is calculated from the number of search engine results for queries containing the name of the language, covering searches in Google, Google Blogs, MSN, Yahoo, Baidu, Wikipedia, and YouTube. Updated once a month, the current information is free, but its long-term statistical data is for sale. Tiobe focuses on Turing complete languages.
https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/
Designed mostly for multithreaded audio-graphics, UI applications, and text processing tools, TkScript is a portable and free open-source “glue” script language for the C and C++ frameworks. TkScript is accompanied by a set of add-on plugins and libraries that provide bindings for OpenGL (ES), window/event handling via SDL, linear algebra, file system access, networking through ethernet and BlueTooth, low latency audio, MIDI, and XML-based user interfaces.
http://www.tkscript.de/
Developed by Ekky Software in 2012, TScript is an object-oriented embeddable scripting language for C++. The lightweight, user-friendly language facilitates customizations to the business logic after the installation of an application, particularly for the Texas Business Software Suite and ObjectDatabase++. TScript, GUI Editor, and ODBPP are available for download from the site, and documentation, example code, and purchase information are included.
http://tdbe.ekkysoftware.com/TScript
Tynker is an e-learning platform that offers bundled coaching in computer science, computer programming, and critical thinking skills, with a proven catalog of courses, applications, and lessons designed to accelerate the coding proficiency of participating children. Tynker was acquired by BYJU'S, the world's largest education technology company, in 2021. Its wards, press releases, and media kit are available, and its packages for parents and educators are highlighted.
https://www.tynker.com/
VP-UML is a cross-platform tool for the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It models support, provides report generation, and has code engineering capabilities, including code generation, and can reverse engineer diagrams from code, and provide round-trip engineering for various programming languages. Its features, tutorials, support services, demonstration videos, and interactive product tours are available, along with its perpetual and subscription pricing plans.
https://www.visual-paradigm.com/
Created in 1998, W3Schools is a web developer site, offering tutorials and references on web development languages, such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, SQL, Python, jQuery, Java, W3.CSS, and Bootstrap. Unaffiliated with the W3C organization, the site presents thousands of code examples, tutorials, references, and exercises. W3Schools also offers an online certification program, offering certificates in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, jQuery, SQL, PHP, Bootstrap, and XML.
https://www.w3schools.com/
Created and maintained by Ali Spittel, a software engineer and teacher, this website provides technical tutorials, career advice, and other resources for people who are learning to code. Included is a free e-book that covers things that the author wishes she had known when she was first learning to code, and other sections of the site offer career advice, how to manage life as a software engineer, and how to teach code. Additionally, tutorials cover topics like GraphQL and web development.
https://welearncode.com/
